TULISAN 3: MODAL VERB

PENGERTIAN

Modal verbs atau modal auxiliaries adalah sebutan untuk kata kerja bantu selain be, do dan have. Tidak seperti auxiliary verbs, modal verbs hanya dapat berfungsi sebagai kata kerja bantu saja dan tidak dapat berlaku sebagai principal verbs dalam suatu kalimat. Kata kerja utama (main verbs) yang mengikuti modal verbs harus selalu kata kerja dasar tanpa to (bare infinitive or infinitive without to).

Modal verbs yang digunakan adalah can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, dan would. Selain itu, bentuk modal verbs tidak berubah dan tetap sama untuk semua jenis subjek.

Fungsi dan Contoh Modal Verb

Adapun fungsi dan contoh modal verb dalam kalimat dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

MODAL VERB	FUNGSI	CONTOH
Can	Untuk menyatakan (ability) kemampuan	You can buy anything eith your money but you can not not buy love. (Kamu dapat membeli apapun dengan uangmu tapi kamu tidak dapat membeli cinta)
	Untuk Modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission.	Can I borrow your car for one night? (Bisakah saya meminjam mobilmu selama satu malam?)
could	Could digunakan untuk menyatakan ability (kemampuan) dimasa lalu (past).	You could run faster than me two years ago. (Kamu dapat berlari lebih cepat dari saya dua tahun lalu.)
	Modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) untuk melakukan sesuatu dimasa lalu (past) atau masa depan (future).	Could I use your computer to print and scan? (Bolehkah saya memakai komputermu untuk print dan scan?)
May	May untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) dimasa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future).	He may do exercise and consume healthy food everyday. (Dia mungkin berolahraga dan mengonsumsi makanan sehat setiap hari.)
	May untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) dimasa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future).	You may forget the embarassing incident tomorrow. (Kamu mungkin melupakan insiden memalukan itu besok.)
	Modal verb ini untuk meminta izin (permission) yang lebih formal daripada modal verb can.	May I go home now? (Bolehkah saya pulang sekarang?)
might	Sama seperti may, modal verb ini digunakan untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) dimasa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future)[1].	You might forget the embarassing accident tomorrow.[1]
	Might dapat ditambahkan primary auxiliary have untuk menyatakan probability dimasa lalu (past). Modal verb ini digunakan untuk menyatakan hypothrnical situation yang terbukti tidak terjadi lain halnya dengan may yang belum terbukti	The doctor may have warned you not to eat red meat.[3] (Faktanya: belum diketahui) If I have cleaned the room, might I play with my friend? (Jika saya sudah membersihkan ruangan, bolehkah saya main dengan teman?)

1. WOULD

Would merupakan modal verb yang menyatakan beberapa jenis situasi imajiner atau hipotetik. Would sering disingkat menjadi ‘d, misalnya:

• I would love to learn Spanish.
• I‘d love to learn Spanish.

Penawaran dan permintaan

Would digunakan untuk membuat penawaran dan menunjukkan kerelaan. Contoh:

• Would you like a cookie with your coffee?
• Would you like to go out this evening?
• Would you like some help?

Would juga bisa digunakan untuk membuat permintaan.

• Would you open the door for me?

Kalimat diatas sedikit bernada perintah, misalnya seperti guru yang berkata kepada muridnya. Penggunaan Could dalam hal ini kurang tegas.

• Could you open the door please?

Situasi hipotetik

Would digunakan untuk menunjukkan situasi-situasi hipotetik. Contoh:

• I would love to go abroad. (Tetapi kenyataannya pembicara tidak sedang berada di luar negeri sekarang ini.)
• You would be a great lawyer. (Tetapi kenyataannya You bukan seorang pengacara sekarang ini - menjadi seorang pengacara hanya dalam situasi khayal/imajiner).

Would sering digunakan dalam klausa utama kalimat pengandaian.

• If I had time, I would visit my family.
• I‘d go to the beach if it was sunny.

Untuk pembahasan lebih lengkap silakan lihat unit kalimat pengandaian.

Would sebagai bentuk lampau dari will

Would digunakan sebagai bentuk lampau dari will, yakni digunakan untuk prediksi masa akan datang yang dibuat di masa lampau. Contoh:

• He‘ll call you tomorrow. (Prediksi akan datang dibuat sekarang.)
• He said he’d call you tomorrow. (Prediksi dibuat di masa lampau)
• They‘ll arrive at 7.00. (prediksi dibuat di masa sekarang)
• They told me they would arrive at 7.00. (prediksi dibuat di masa lampau)

Kebiasaan masa lalu

Would bisa digunakan untuk kebiasaan masa lmpau, sebuah tindakan yang terjadi secara reguler di masa lampau. Contoh:

• I would often play soccer when I was young.
• My grandfather would always give us candy.

Perlu diperhatikan bahwa would tidak bisa digunakan untuk kondisi/keadaan di masa lampu, contoh:

• “He would be handsome when he was younger.” Tidak benar.
• “He was handsome when he was younger.” Ini benar

Would digunakan hanya untuk kebiasaan masa lampu - sesuatu yang terjadi banyak kali.

Untuk kondisi/keadaan di masa lampu kita bisa gunakan “used to”:

• He used to be handsome when he was younger. (Dia dulunya tampan ketika masih muda).

2 . Should

Should adalah modal verb yang digunakan untuk memberikan nasihat dan anjuran. Contoh:

• You should see a doctor.
• You should keep your promises.
• Should we buy her a present?

Should juga bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan kewajiban. Contoh:

• I should call my Mum tomorrow.
• He should apologize to Mary.

Should juga digunakan untuk sesuatu yang diharapkan keberadaannya.

• Tony should arrive here at 12.00.
• It’s 12.30, and Tony should be here.
• This book is wrong, that answer should be “A”.

3. Ought to

Ought to bisa digunakan selain should. Ought to kurang umum dibanding should dan kedengarannya lebih bernuansa Britis.

• You ought to say thank you for the present. (You should say thankyou for the present)

Bentuk negatif dan bertanya kurang umum dan lebih bernuansa bahasa Inggris Britis.

• We ought not to be late for the meeting.

Pertanyaan sering dibuat dengan “Do you think..”

• Do you think I ought to get up earlier?

Pertanyaan yang hanya menggunakan ought to jarang dipakai.

- Ought I to get up earlier?

4. Must dan Have to yang berarti keharusan

Must dan have to adalah modal verb yang sering digunakan untuk menyatakan keharusan.

• I have to go home now.
• I must arrive by 12.00.

Have to digunakan untuk keharusan yang sifatnya umum. Contoh:

• I have to finish this before 12.00. (Pembicara memiliki kewajiban umum untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan tersebut sampai jam 12.00)

Must digunakan untuk keharusan yang sifatnya mewakili pribadi.

• I must finish this before 12.00. (Pembicara memiliki rasa tanggung jawab pribadi yang kuat untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan tersebut).

Must tidak memiliki bentuk lampau, jadi kita gunakan have to untuk bentuk lampaunya.

• I had to get up early this morning.
• I must got up early this morning. Ini tidak benar.

Perhatikan bahwa have to kedengaran seperti kata kerja normal, bisa memiliki tenses-tenses berbeda dan menggunakan kata kerja bantu untuk pertanyaan dan kalimat negatif. Contoh:

• Do we have to go out tonight?
• You don’t have to come with us.

Must tidak menggunakan kata kerja bantu atau tenses-tenses berbeda.

• Must we go out tonight? (Ini kedengaran lebih berbau Britis, I really don’t want to go out tonight.)
• We mustn’t forget the tickets. (Tidak ada kata kerja bantu “to do”, cukup tambahkan not.)

Bentuk negatif

Don’t have to berarti bahwa sesuatu tidak perlu, tetapi mungkin.

• You don’t have to come, but you can if you want to.
• We don’t have to leave today.

Must not lebih kuat dan berarti bahwa sesuatu yang dimaksud dilarang.

• You must not push the red button.
• We mustn’t be late.

Must dan have to yang berarti kepastian

Must dan have to juga bisa menyatakan kepastian.

• This must be the ight way.
• This has to be the right way.

sumber:
http://www.1-language.com/englishcoursenew/unit45_grammar.htm

TULISAN 4 : STORY

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Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella and she had two ugly step sisters who were very unkind who made her do all the hard work. She had to sweep the floors, do all the dishes, while they dressed up in fine clothes and went to lots of parties.

One day a special invitation arrived at Cinderella’s house. It was from the royal palace. The king’s only son was a truly handsome prince was going to have a grand ball. Three girls were invited to come. Cinderella knew she wouldn’t be allowed to go to the ball. But the ugly sisters, ho ho ho, they were excited. They couldn’t talk about anything else.

When the day of the ball came, they made such a fuss. Poor Cinderella had to rush about upstairs and downstairs. She fixed their hair in fancy waves and curls. She helped them put on their expensive new dresses. And she arranged their jewels just so. As soon as they had gone, Cinderella sat down by the fire and she said. “Oh I do wish I could go to the ball”. The next moment, standing beside her was a lovely old lady with a silver wand in here hand. “Cinderella, she said ” I am your fairy godmother and you shall go to the ball. But first you must go into the garden and pick a golden pumpkin, then bring me six mice from the mousetraps, a whiskered rat from the rat trap, and six lizards. You’ll find the lizards behind the watering can.

So Cinderella fetched a golden pumpkin, six grey mice, a whiskered rate, six lizards. The fairy godmother touched them with her wand and the pumpkin became a golden coach, the mice became six grey horses, the rat became a coachman with the most enormous moustache, and the lizards became six footmen dressed in green and yellow, then the fairy godmother touched Cinderella with the wand and her old dress became a golden dress sparkling with jewels while on her feet was the prettiest pair of glass slippers ever seen. Remember said the fairy godmother you must leave the ball before the clock strikes twelve because at midnight the magic ends. “Thank you fairy godmother” said Cinderella and she climbed into the coach.

When Cinderella arrived at the ball she looked so beautiful that everyone wondered who she was! Even the ugly sisters. The Prince of course asked here to dance with him and they danced all evening. He would not dance with anyone else. Now Cinderella was enjoying the ball so much that she forgot her fairy godmothers warning until it was almost midnight and the clock began to strike. One. Two. Three. She hurried out of the ballroom. Four. Five. Six. As she ran down the palace steps one of her glass slippers fell off. Seven. Eight. Nine. She ran on toward the golden coach. Ten Eleven Twelve. Then there was Cinderella in her old dress. The golden pumpkin lay in her feet. And scampering down off down the road were six grey mice, a whiskered rat and six green lizards.. So Cinderella had to walk home and by the time the ugly sisters returned home was sitting quietly by the fire.

Now when Cinderella ran from the palace, the prince tried to follow her and he found the glass slipper. He said, “I shall marry the beautiful girl whose foot fits this slipper and only her. IN the morning the prince went from house to house with the glass slipper and every young lady tried to squeeze her foot into it. But it didn’t’ fit any of them.

At last the prince came to Cinderella’s house. First one ugly sister tried to squash her foot into the slipper. But her foot was too wide and fat. Then the other ugly sister tried but her foot was too long and thin. Please said Cinderella, let me try. “The slipper won’t fit you”, said the ugly sisters. “You didn’t go to the ball!” But Cinderella slipped her foot into the glass slipper and it fit perfectly. The next moment standing beside her was the fairy godmother. She touched Cinderella with the wand and there she was in a golden dress sparkling with jewels and on her feet was the prettiest pair of glass slippers ever seen. The ugly sisters were so surprised that, for once they couldn’t think of anything to say. But the Prince knew what to say. He asked Cinderella to marry him.

And then there was a happy wedding. Everyone who had gone to the ball was invited, even the ugly sisters. There was wonderful food, lots of music and dancing. And the Prince of course danced every dance with Cinderella. He would not dance with anyone else.

sumber:

http://adf.ly/224300/int/http://blog-wandi.blogspot.com/2013/03/cerita-cinderella-dalam-bahasa-inggris.html